In introductory chemistry we use only a few of the most common metric prefixes, such as milli, centi, and kilo. Our various textbooks and lab manuals contain longer lists of prefixes, but few if any contain a complete list. There is no point of memorizing this, but it is nice to have a place to look them up. You will find prefixes from throughout the range as you read the scientific literature. In particular, the smaller prefixes such as nano, pico, femto, etc., are becoming increasingly common as analytical chemistry and biotechnology develop more sensitive methods.
To help you visualize the effect of these prefixes, there is a column "a sense of scale", which gives some examples of the magnitudes represented. Thanks to Greg Pearce, author of ChemFormula, for help developing these examples. Also, thanks to "Nansen" for calling attention to an error in an earlier version. (Please let me know of any other errors you find, or suggestions for additions.)
Updated September 17, 2023. In 2022, four new prefixes were added, two at each end. These four new prefixes are now shown here. The title of the page has been updated.
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| prefix | abbreviation
(upper and lower case are important) |
meaning | example | a sense of scale
(for some) Most are approximate. |
| quetta | Q | 1030 | quettagram, 1 Qg = 1030 g | mass of Jupiter ~ 2 Qg |
| ronna | R | 1027 | ronnagram, 1 Rg = 1027 g |
energy given off by the sun in 1 second ~ 0.4 RJ
mass of Earth ~ 6 Rg (See earlier entries for yotta.) |
| yotta | Y | 1024 | yottagram, 1 Yg = 1024 g |
mass of water in Pacific Ocean ~ 1 Yg
volume of Earth ~ 1 YL energy given off by the sun in 1 second ~ 400 YJ mass of Earth ~ 6000 Yg (See new entries for ronna.) |
| zetta | Z | 1021 | zettameter, 1 Zm = 1021 m |
radius of Milky Way galaxy ~ 1 Zm
volume of Pacific Ocean ~ 1 ZL world energy production per year, ~ 0.4 ZJ |
| exa | E | 1018 | exasecond, 1 Es = 1018 s | age of universe ~ 0.4 Es (13 billion yr) |
| peta | P | 1015 | petameter, 1 Pm = 1015 m |
1 light-year (distance light travels in one year) ~ 9.5 Pm
The dinosaurs vanished ~ 2 Ps ago. |
| tera | T | 1012 | terameter, 1 Tm = 1012 m | distance from sun to Jupiter ~ 0.8 Tm |
| giga | G | 109 | gigasecond, 1 Gs = 109 s |
human life expectancy ~ 1 century ~ 3 Gs
1 light-second (distance light travels in one second) ~ 0.3 Gm |
| mega | M | 106 | megasecond, 1 Ms = 106 s | 1 Ms ~ 11.6 days |
| kilo | k | 103 | kilogram, 1 kg = 103 g | |
| hecto | h | 102 | hectogram, 1 hg = 102 g | |
| deka (or deca) | da | 10 = 101 | dekaliter, 1 daL = 101 L | |
| deci | d | 10-1 | deciliter, 101 dL = 1 L | |
| centi | c | 10-2 | centimeter, 102 cm = 1 m | |
| milli | m | 10-3 | millimole, 103 mmol = 1 mol | |
| micro | μ (Greek letter "mu") | 10-6 | microliter, 106 μL = 1 L | 1 μL ~ a very tiny drop of water |
| nano | n | 10-9 | nanometer, 109 nm = 1 m | radius of a chlorine atom in Cl2 ~ 0.1 nm or 100 pm |
| pico | p | 10-12 | picogram, 1012 pg = 1 g | mass of bacterial cell ~ 1 pg |
| femto | f | 10-15 | femtometer, 1015 fm = 1 m | radius of a proton ~ 1 fm |
| atto | a | 10-18 | attosecond, 1018 as = 1 s |
time for light to cross an atom ~ 1 as
bond energy for one C=C double bond ~ 1 aJ |
| zepto | z | 10-21 | zeptomole, 1021 zmol = 1 mol |
1 zmol ~ 600 atoms or molecules
"A picture is worth about 1.7 zmol of words." |
| yocto | y | 10-24 | yoctogram, 1024 yg = 1 g | 1.7 yg ~ mass of a proton or neutron |
| ronto | r | 10-27 | rontogram, 1027 rg = 1 g | Mass of an electron is ~ 1 rg. |
| quecto | q | 10-30 |
quectogram, 1030 qg = 1 g
or 1 qg = 10-30 g | Mass of one bit of data (as stored on a mobile phone) is ~ 1 qg. |
Some posts in my Musings newsletter refer to this page, because they use less common metric prefixes. These include:
* Briefly noted... 1. Pressure inside a proton (September 19, 2018). About 1011 yottapascals. (Using the newer prefix, that is 105 quettapascals.)
* Are electrons "forever"? (February 9, 2016). Measures the lifetime of an electron -- at more than 66,000 yottayears. (Using the newer prefix, that is 66 ronnayeras.)
* The prefixes exa and zetta were used in a post on storage of computer data. Using DNA for data storage (March 5, 2013).
* The prefix zepto was used in a post on a very very tiny container -- which could fit in a box of volume 90 zeptoliters (zL). What is it? (May 25, 2011).
For more about units, visit http://www.ibiblio.org/units/index.html. This site features a Dictionary of Units of Measurement, plus much more listed below the dictionary header, under "Commentary and Explanation". It is from Dr. Russ Rowlett at the Center for Mathematics and Science Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
One interesting thing I learned about from Rowlett was binary prefixes. Binary prefixes? You have probably heard words such as kilobyte, in the context of computers. What does it mean? It might seem to mean 1000 bytes, since kilo means 1000. But in the computer world it often means 1024 bytes. That is 210 -- a power of two very close to 1000. Now, in common usage it often does not matter whether the intent was 1000 bytes or 1024 bytes. But they are different numbers and sometimes it does matter. So, a new set of "binary prefixes", distinguished by "bi" in the name or "i" in the abbreviation, was introduced in 1998. By this new system, 1024 bytes would be properly called a kibibyte or KiB. (Sounds like something you would feed the dog.)This new system of binary prefixes has been endorsed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for use in electrical technology. See the NIST page at https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html.
Whether these will catch on remains to be seen, but at least if you see such an unusual prefix you might want to be aware of this.
[Added March 2019.] More? The current set of metric prefixes covers exponents from -24 to +24. A proposal has been submitted to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures to extend the range to +/- 30, with two more prefixes on each end. It will take years for anything to happen, so we simply note that some feel there is a serious need. News story: You know kilo, mega, and giga. Is the metric system ready for ronna and quecca? (D Adam, AAAS (Science), February 14, 2019.) In print, with a different title: Science 353:681, February 14, 2019.)Added September 17, 2023. In fact, those new prefixes (four of them, two at each end) were officially adopted in 2022. They are now included in the main table above.
For more about the new prefixes... Meet the newest additions to the metric system -- New prefixes will help researchers talk about exceedingly huge - or tiny - numbers. (Deborah Balthazar, Science News Explores, January 3, 2023.) Some of the first examples included in the table above for the new prefixes are taken from this news story.
And, more generally... Wikipedia: Metric prefix.
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Last update: September 19, 2023